The decision was announced by Joseph Blatter, the FIFA football world president, where 22 members of the Executive Committee after the secret ballot.
Russia won ahead of England, Portugal / Spain and Belgium / Netherlands rival bidders to vote.
This will be the first or Russia or Qatar will stage the World Cup.
'Let us make history,' Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov said.
Qatar, which hosted the 2011 Asian Cup in January, the bidders get ahead of the competition in Australia, the United States, South Korea and Japan.
It became the first Arab countries, from the Middle East and the Gulf region's first Muslim country the largest soccer tournament held in the first.
The vote came after 30 minutes of the final candidates from the 2018 speech. 2022 candidates put forward their own art on Wednesday.
The Executive Committee, headed by the Blatter, under the eight vice presidents and 15 members, but Thursday's vote was 22 rather than 24 members, to Amos Adamu and Reynald Temarii on corruption charges was suspended.
For every game winning bidder the first time that members of the absolute majority of 12 votes.
FIFA is expected to announce the exact number of votes behind.
On the winning name was placed in an envelope and announced Blatter in Zurich Exhibition Centre.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, who did not participate in the Russian part of its presentation, is now expected to go to Zurich.
Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that before the vote, Putin would be happy to meet the Executive Committee of the Russian won the vote.
Russia is the last candidate to pitch, and a member of FIFA, said Vitaly Mutko Eastern Europe had never hosted the World Cup.
'The twenty-first year, the Berlin Wall was broken. Today, we can break another symbolic wall, along with opening a new era in football, 'he said.
'Russia represents a new vision of FIFA, millions of new hearts and minds of the great legacy after the World Cup, the great new sports venues and boys and girls to embrace the millions of game. '
Two-time Olympic pole vault champion Yelena Isinbayeva said: 'Russia is changing, the World Cup will make sports more people. '
Many observers believe that the UK has made a strong final pitch. Prime Minister Cameron promises' is history's most spectacular World Cup, if England is selected.
But they bid again after the 1966 World Cup final defeat.
Wednesday in the 2022 bid, Qatar attempt to eliminate high temperature above 40 degrees Celsius the game will be launched in June and July the fear of air-conditioned stadium.
Players and supporters pledging ideal conditions, Qatar's bid leader Hassan Thawadi said: 'We all sports venues, training venues and fan area, will be at 27 degrees Celsius, one hundred percent of all solar powered and carbon neutral.
'The application of this technology far beyond the stadiums. Heat will not be a problem, regardless of climate, we hope that this is a global, long-lasting legacy. '
Government of Qatar has pledged $ 4,000,000,000 to build, will be removed after the finals, and re-erected in the stadium in developing countries, leaving 'a lasting legacy', he said.
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